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Pregnancy: Should I Have Amniocentesis?
You may want to have a say in this decision, or you may simply want to follow your doctor's recommendation. Either way, this information will help you understand what your choices are so that you can talk to your doctor about them.
Pregnancy: Should I Have Amniocentesis?
Here's a record of your answers. You can use it to talk with your doctor or loved ones about your decision.
1Get the | 2Compare | 3Your | 4Your | 5Quiz | 6Your Summary |
Get the facts
Your options
- Have an amniocentesis test.
- Don't have amniocentesis.
Key points to remember
- Your doctor may recommend amniocentesis if your chances of having a baby with a genetic condition or birth defect are higher than average.
- Even though amniocentesis can detect certain problems, it can't guarantee that your baby will be born healthy. No test can do that.
- If the test shows that your baby may be born with a serious problem, you and your partner can use the information to plan for the future.
- Amniocentesis is usually very safe. But it does have some risks, including a small chance of causing a miscarriage.
FAQsWhat is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a test to look at the amniotic fluid, Opens dialog that surrounds your baby. This fluid has cells and other substances in it that can give clues about your baby's health.
During the test, your doctor puts a needle through your belly into your uterus, Opens dialog. He or she takes out about 2 Tbsp (30 mL) of amniotic fluid to send to a lab. The cells in the fluid are checked to see if your baby has any signs of a serious health problem.
When is amniocentesis done?
Amniocentesis is usually done between weeks 15 and 20 of a woman's pregnancy to check for certain health problems. It's not a routine test. But your doctor may recommend it if a fetal ultrasound, Opens dialog and blood tests suggest that your chances of having a baby with a genetic condition, Opens dialog or a birth defect are higher than average. Or you may already know that your chances are higher because of your age and family history.
Some women don't want to wait until their second trimester to see if their baby might have a problem. They might decide to have a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) test, Opens dialog instead of amniocentesis. CVS can be done between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy to look for Down syndrome and other serious health problems. But it can't find certain problems, such as birth defects of the heart, stomach, intestines, or brain and spine (neural tube defect, Opens dialog).
What information can amniocentesis provide?
Amniocentesis can tell you if your baby is at risk for:
- Genetic conditions or birth defects, such as Down syndrome, Opens dialog and neural tube defects, Opens dialog.
- Certain diseases that run in families, such as cystic fibrosis, Opens dialog, sickle cell disease, Opens dialog, and Huntington's disease, Opens dialog.
Even if the results from your amniocentesis are normal, it doesn't guarantee that your baby will be born healthy. For example, this test can't find many common birth defects, such as cleft lip, Opens dialog, cleft palate, Opens dialog, and heart problems. No single test can find all problems.
What are the benefits of having amniocentesis?
This test can tell you if your baby may be born with a serious health problem. Many parents are not prepared to care for a baby who is sick or has a birth defect. Information that you get from this test can help you and your partner plan for the future.
If the test finds that your baby has a genetic condition or a birth defect, you and your partner may be faced with a tough decision about whether to continue the pregnancy. You may find it helpful to talk with your doctor and a genetic counselor, Opens dialog. They can help you understand your baby's health problem and what to expect when he or she is born.
Results from the test can also help you decide where to have your baby. If your baby will need surgery or special care, you can plan to have your baby in a hospital that has special services for newborns, such as a neonatal intensive care unit.
What are the risks of having amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is usually very safe. But the test does have some risks. You'll have to weigh the risks against the benefits of knowing if something might be wrong with your baby.
There is a chance that the test may cause you to have a miscarriage. This means that you could lose your baby after you have the test. But when the test is done by highly trained doctors, the risk of having a miscarriage is small.
- When amniocentesis is performed by a highly trained doctor, the risk of miscarriage after the test is about 1 out of 900 women. This means it doesn't lead to a miscarriage 899 out of 900 times.footnote 1
Other risks include:
- Infection. There is a very small chance that the amniotic fluid may get infected.footnote 2
- Injury. There is a chance that your baby may be poked by the needle during the test. But this is rare when ultrasound is used to guide the needle. The most common injury is a tear in the placenta, Opens dialog. This usually heals without a problem.
- Bleeding. There is a small chance that you could bleed during the test. If this happens, your blood may mix with your baby's blood. This is only a problem if your blood is Rh-negative and your baby's is Rh-positive, because you could have an immune system response called Rh sensitization, Opens dialog. If you're at risk for Rh sensitization, you'll be given a vaccine to prevent it.
- Foot defect. There is an increased risk that your baby may be born with a clubfoot when amniocentesis is done before 15 weeks of pregnancy.
What should you think about before you have amniocentesis?
All patient decisions are personal. You might think about:
- Your chance of passing on a family disease to your baby.
- Your age. As you get older, you have a greater chance of having a baby with a birth defect.
- Your need to know about any problems with your baby.
- What you might do if the test shows a problem.
- Whether you can afford to pay for the test. Amniocentesis can cost a lot. Most insurance companies will cover the cost of the test if you have certain risk factors that may increase your baby's chance of having a serious health problem. A risk factor is something—such as your age or family history—that raises your risk of having a certain health problem.
Why might your doctor recommend amniocentesis?
Your doctor may advise you to have amniocentesis if:
- Other tests suggest that your chance of having a baby with a genetic condition or birth defect is higher than average.
- You or your partner has a family history of birth defects.
- You or your partner carries an abnormal gene that is known to cause a certain disease.
- You want to know if your baby has a serious health problem so you can decide early whether you want to continue your pregnancy or make plans to care for a sick child.
What is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a test to look at the amniotic fluid, Opens dialog that surrounds your baby. This fluid has cells and other substances in it that can give clues about your baby's health.
During the test, your doctor puts a needle through your belly into your uterus, Opens dialog. He or she takes out about 2 Tbsp (30 mL) of amniotic fluid to send to a lab. The cells in the fluid are checked to see if your baby has any signs of a serious health problem.
When is amniocentesis done?
Amniocentesis is usually done between weeks 15 and 20 of a woman's pregnancy to check for certain health problems. It's not a routine test. But your doctor may recommend it if a fetal ultrasound, Opens dialog and blood tests suggest that your chances of having a baby with a genetic condition, Opens dialog or a birth defect are higher than average. Or you may already know that your chances are higher because of your age and family history.
Some women don't want to wait until their second trimester to see if their baby might have a problem. They might decide to have a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) test, Opens dialog instead of amniocentesis. CVS can be done between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy to look for Down syndrome and other serious health problems. But it can't find certain problems, such as birth defects of the heart, stomach, intestines, or brain and spine (neural tube defect, Opens dialog).
What information can amniocentesis provide?
Amniocentesis can tell you if your baby is at risk for:
- Genetic conditions or birth defects, such as Down syndrome, Opens dialog and neural tube defects, Opens dialog.
- Certain diseases that run in families, such as cystic fibrosis, Opens dialog, sickle cell disease, Opens dialog, and Huntington's disease, Opens dialog.
Even if the results from your amniocentesis are normal, it doesn't guarantee that your baby will be born healthy. For example, this test can't find many common birth defects, such as cleft lip, Opens dialog, cleft palate, Opens dialog, and heart problems. No single test can find all problems.
What are the benefits of having amniocentesis?
This test can tell you if your baby may be born with a serious health problem. Many parents are not prepared to care for a baby who is sick or has a birth defect. Information that you get from this test can help you and your partner plan for the future.
If the test finds that your baby has a genetic condition or a birth defect, you and your partner may be faced with a tough decision about whether to continue the pregnancy. You may find it helpful to talk with your doctor and a genetic counselor, Opens dialog. They can help you understand your baby's health problem and what to expect when he or she is born.
Results from the test can also help you decide where to have your baby. If your baby will need surgery or special care, you can plan to have your baby in a hospital that has special services for newborns, such as a neonatal intensive care unit.
What are the risks of having amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is usually very safe. But the test does have some risks. You'll have to weigh the risks against the benefits of knowing if something might be wrong with your baby.
There is a chance that the test may cause you to have a miscarriage. This means that you could lose your baby after you have the test. But when the test is done by highly trained doctors, the risk of having a miscarriage is small.
- When amniocentesis is performed by a highly trained doctor, the risk of miscarriage after the test is about 1 out of 900 women. This means it doesn't lead to a miscarriage 899 out of 900 times.footnote 1
Other risks include:
- Infection. There is a very small chance that the amniotic fluid may get infected.footnote 2
- Injury. There is a chance that your baby may be poked by the needle during the test. But this is rare when ultrasound is used to guide the needle. The most common injury is a tear in the placenta, Opens dialog. This usually heals without a problem.
- Bleeding. There is a small chance that you could bleed during the test. If this happens, your blood may mix with your baby's blood. This is only a problem if your blood is Rh-negative and your baby's is Rh-positive, because you could have an immune system response called Rh sensitization, Opens dialog. If you're at risk for Rh sensitization, you'll be given a vaccine to prevent it.
- Foot defect. There is an increased risk that your baby may be born with a clubfoot when amniocentesis is done before 15 weeks of pregnancy.
What should you think about before you have amniocentesis?
All patient decisions are personal. You might think about:
- Your chance of passing on a family disease to your baby.
- Your age. As you get older, you have a greater chance of having a baby with a birth defect.
- Your need to know about any problems with your baby.
- What you might do if the test shows a problem.
- Whether you can afford to pay for the test. Amniocentesis can cost a lot. Most insurance companies will cover the cost of the test if you have certain risk factors that may increase your baby's chance of having a serious health problem. A risk factor is something—such as your age or family history—that raises your risk of having a certain health problem.
Why might your doctor recommend amniocentesis?
Your doctor may advise you to have amniocentesis if:
- Other tests suggest that your chance of having a baby with a genetic condition or birth defect is higher than average.
- You or your partner has a family history of birth defects.
- You or your partner carries an abnormal gene that is known to cause a certain disease.
- You want to know if your baby has a serious health problem so you can decide early whether you want to continue your pregnancy or make plans to care for a sick child.
Compare your options
| Have amniocentesis | Don't have amniocentesis | |
|---|---|---|
| What is usually involved? |
|
|
| What are the benefits? |
|
|
| What are the risks and side effects? |
|
|
Compare
What is usually involved? | | |
|---|---|---|
What are the benefits? | | |
What are the risks and side effects? | |
- You lie on your back while your doctor puts a long needle into your belly.
- You may feel some discomfort, but the test only takes a few minutes.
- You go home after the test.
- You find out early in your pregnancy if your baby has a genetic condition or birth defect.
- Information from the test can help you to:
- Decide if you want to continue your pregnancy.
- Make plans to care for a baby who is sick or has a birth defect.
- Choose a hospital that specializes in caring for newborns with serious health problems.
- Possible risks include:
- A miscarriage.
- An infection.
- A needle injury to your baby.
- Bleeding.
- A foot defect.
- You have regular prenatal exams and blood tests to check for any signs of problems.
- You avoid the cost of amniocentesis.
- You avoid the risks of having amniocentesis.
- You won't know if your baby has a severe birth defect until after he or she is born.
- Birth could be harder on you or your baby if the doctor doesn't know ahead of time that there is a problem.
Personal stories about considering amniocentesis
These stories are based on information gathered from health professionals and consumers. They may be helpful as you make important health decisions.
I am prepared to accept my child, regardless of whether he or she has a birth defect, even a severe birth defect. Even though I am at a higher risk of having a child with a birth defect because of my age, I will continue the pregnancy regardless of the results of an amniocentesis. My doctor and hospital are well equipped to handle my pregnancy and delivery, so I feel that I have made the best decision for my family and me.
Sarah, age 39
I was 35 when I became pregnant with my first child. I was nervous about pregnancy anyway and especially worried that there might be something wrong with the baby. I decided to have chorionic villus sampling instead of waiting for an amniocentesis because it allowed me to find out in the first trimester if the baby had genetic problems. If the answer had been yes, I would have terminated the pregnancy. In my case, the answer was negative, and I was able to go through the rest of my pregnancy feeling more at ease.
Liza, age 45
I have a friend whose child was born with Down syndrome. She didn't know about her baby's Down syndrome until after he was born, and it was emotionally difficult for her to deal with the diagnosis. I remember how hard it was for her and her family to adjust to a new life with a special-needs child. I want to know before giving birth if I am going to have a child with a disability. This will give me time to prepare emotionally as well as time to prepare to have my baby at a hospital that is equipped to care for sick babies.
Darla, age 35
I have no family history of birth defects. But I am 42 years old, which puts me at higher risk for having a baby with a birth defect. I have two children already, and I feel that my time, energy, and financial resources are at a premium. I can't afford, financially or emotionally, to have a child with a serious birth defect. I am choosing to have an amniocentesis to help detect a birth defect. If the results are abnormal, I feel it is in my best interest (and my family's) to end this pregnancy.
Ana, age 42
What matters most to you?
Your personal feelings are just as important as the medical facts. Think about what matters most to you in this decision, and show how you feel about the following statements.
Each pair of questions uses a 3 point scale where 3 is more important, 1 is less important and 0 is equally important. Use the right and left arrow keys to navigate the scale.Reasons to have amniocentesis
Reasons not to have amniocentesis
I'm worried that something might be wrong with my baby.
I'm not worried that something might be wrong with my baby.
I want to know if my baby has a birth defect so I have time to prepare to care for a child with special needs.
Knowing that my baby has a birth defect won't change the way I plan to care for my child.
I want to know if my baby has a birth defect so I have time to decide if I want to continue my pregnancy.
Knowing that my baby has a birth defect won't change my plans to carry my baby to term.
I'm not afraid of the needle that is used to do the test.
I don't like needles.
I'm not worried about how much the test costs.
I don't have insurance, and I can't afford to pay for the test myself.
My other important reasons:
My other important reasons:
Where are you leaning now?
Now that you've thought about the facts and your feelings, you may have a general idea of where you stand on this decision. Show which way you are leaning right now.
Use the following 3 point scale where 3 is leaning toward, 1 is may be leaning toward, and 0 is undecided. Use the right and left arrow keys to navigate the scale.Having amniocentesis
NOT having amniocentesis
What else do you need to make your decision?
Your Summary
Here's a record of your answers. You can use it to talk with your doctor or loved ones about your decision.
Your decision
Next steps
Which way you're leaning
How sure you are
Your comments
Your knowledge of the facts
Key concepts that you understood
Key concepts that may need review
Getting ready to act
Patient choices
Credits and References
Credits
| Author | Ignite Healthwise, LLC Staff |
|---|---|
| Clinical Review Board | Clinical Review Board All Ignite Healthwise, LLC education is reviewed by a team that includes physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare professionals. |
References
Citations
- Akolekar R, et al. (2015). Procedure-related risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 45(1): 16–26. DOI: 10.1002/uog.14636. Accessed April 5, 2017.
- Cunningham FG, et al. (2010). Prenatal diagnosis and fetal therapy. In Williams Obstetrics, 23rd ed., pp. 287–311. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
Pregnancy: Should I Have Amniocentesis?
- Get the facts
- Compare your options
- What matters most to you?
- Where are you leaning now?
- What else do you need to make your decision?
1. Get the Facts
Your options
- Have an amniocentesis test.
- Don't have amniocentesis.
Key points to remember
- Your doctor may recommend amniocentesis if your chances of having a baby with a genetic condition or birth defect are higher than average.
- Even though amniocentesis can detect certain problems, it can't guarantee that your baby will be born healthy. No test can do that.
- If the test shows that your baby may be born with a serious problem, you and your partner can use the information to plan for the future.
- Amniocentesis is usually very safe. But it does have some risks, including a small chance of causing a miscarriage.
What is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a test to look at the amniotic fluid, Opens dialog that surrounds your baby. This fluid has cells and other substances in it that can give clues about your baby's health.
During the test, your doctor puts a needle through your belly into your uterus, Opens dialog. He or she takes out about 2 Tbsp (30 mL) of amniotic fluid to send to a lab. The cells in the fluid are checked to see if your baby has any signs of a serious health problem.
When is amniocentesis done?
Amniocentesis is usually done between weeks 15 and 20 of a woman's pregnancy to check for certain health problems. It's not a routine test. But your doctor may recommend it if a fetal ultrasound, Opens dialog and blood tests suggest that your chances of having a baby with a genetic condition, Opens dialog or a birth defect are higher than average. Or you may already know that your chances are higher because of your age and family history.
Some women don't want to wait until their second trimester to see if their baby might have a problem. They might decide to have a chorionic villus sampling (CVS) test, Opens dialog instead of amniocentesis. CVS can be done between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy to look for Down syndrome and other serious health problems. But it can't find certain problems, such as birth defects of the heart, stomach, intestines, or brain and spine (neural tube defect, Opens dialog).
What information can amniocentesis provide?
Amniocentesis can tell you if your baby is at risk for:
- Genetic conditions or birth defects, such as Down syndrome, Opens dialog and neural tube defects, Opens dialog.
- Certain diseases that run in families, such as cystic fibrosis, Opens dialog, sickle cell disease, Opens dialog, and Huntington's disease, Opens dialog.
Even if the results from your amniocentesis are normal, it doesn't guarantee that your baby will be born healthy. For example, this test can't find many common birth defects, such as cleft lip, Opens dialog, cleft palate, Opens dialog, and heart problems. No single test can find all problems.
What are the benefits of having amniocentesis?
This test can tell you if your baby may be born with a serious health problem. Many parents are not prepared to care for a baby who is sick or has a birth defect. Information that you get from this test can help you and your partner plan for the future.
If the test finds that your baby has a genetic condition or a birth defect, you and your partner may be faced with a tough decision about whether to continue the pregnancy. You may find it helpful to talk with your doctor and a genetic counselor, Opens dialog. They can help you understand your baby's health problem and what to expect when he or she is born.
Results from the test can also help you decide where to have your baby. If your baby will need surgery or special care, you can plan to have your baby in a hospital that has special services for newborns, such as a neonatal intensive care unit.
What are the risks of having amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is usually very safe. But the test does have some risks. You'll have to weigh the risks against the benefits of knowing if something might be wrong with your baby.
There is a chance that the test may cause you to have a miscarriage. This means that you could lose your baby after you have the test. But when the test is done by highly trained doctors, the risk of having a miscarriage is small.
- When amniocentesis is performed by a highly trained doctor, the risk of miscarriage after the test is about 1 out of 900 women. This means it doesn't lead to a miscarriage 899 out of 900 times.1
Other risks include:
- Infection. There is a very small chance that the amniotic fluid may get infected.2
- Injury. There is a chance that your baby may be poked by the needle during the test. But this is rare when ultrasound is used to guide the needle. The most common injury is a tear in the placenta, Opens dialog. This usually heals without a problem.
- Bleeding. There is a small chance that you could bleed during the test. If this happens, your blood may mix with your baby's blood. This is only a problem if your blood is Rh-negative and your baby's is Rh-positive, because you could have an immune system response called Rh sensitization, Opens dialog. If you're at risk for Rh sensitization, you'll be given a vaccine to prevent it.
- Foot defect. There is an increased risk that your baby may be born with a clubfoot when amniocentesis is done before 15 weeks of pregnancy.
What should you think about before you have amniocentesis?
All patient decisions are personal. You might think about:
- Your chance of passing on a family disease to your baby.
- Your age. As you get older, you have a greater chance of having a baby with a birth defect.
- Your need to know about any problems with your baby.
- What you might do if the test shows a problem.
- Whether you can afford to pay for the test. Amniocentesis can cost a lot. Most insurance companies will cover the cost of the test if you have certain risk factors that may increase your baby's chance of having a serious health problem. A risk factor is something—such as your age or family history—that raises your risk of having a certain health problem.
Why might your doctor recommend amniocentesis?
Your doctor may advise you to have amniocentesis if:
- Other tests suggest that your chance of having a baby with a genetic condition or birth defect is higher than average.
- You or your partner has a family history of birth defects.
- You or your partner carries an abnormal gene that is known to cause a certain disease.
- You want to know if your baby has a serious health problem so you can decide early whether you want to continue your pregnancy or make plans to care for a sick child.
2. Compare your options
| Have amniocentesis | Don't have amniocentesis | |
|---|---|---|
| What is usually involved? |
|
|
| What are the benefits? |
|
|
| What are the risks and side effects? |
|
|
Personal stories
Personal stories about considering amniocentesis
These stories are based on information gathered from health professionals and consumers. They may be helpful as you make important health decisions.
"I have a friend whose child was born with Down syndrome. She didn't know about her baby's Down syndrome until after he was born, and it was emotionally difficult for her to deal with the diagnosis. I remember how hard it was for her and her family to adjust to a new life with a special-needs child. I want to know before giving birth if I am going to have a child with a disability. This will give me time to prepare emotionally as well as time to prepare to have my baby at a hospital that is equipped to care for sick babies."
— Darla, age 35
"I am prepared to accept my child, regardless of whether he or she has a birth defect, even a severe birth defect. Even though I am at a higher risk of having a child with a birth defect because of my age, I will continue the pregnancy regardless of the results of an amniocentesis. My doctor and hospital are well equipped to handle my pregnancy and delivery, so I feel that I have made the best decision for my family and me."
— Sarah, age 39
"I have no family history of birth defects. But I am 42 years old, which puts me at higher risk for having a baby with a birth defect. I have two children already, and I feel that my time, energy, and financial resources are at a premium. I can't afford, financially or emotionally, to have a child with a serious birth defect. I am choosing to have an amniocentesis to help detect a birth defect. If the results are abnormal, I feel it is in my best interest (and my family's) to end this pregnancy."
— Ana, age 42
"I was 35 when I became pregnant with my first child. I was nervous about pregnancy anyway and especially worried that there might be something wrong with the baby. I decided to have chorionic villus sampling instead of waiting for an amniocentesis because it allowed me to find out in the first trimester if the baby had genetic problems. If the answer had been yes, I would have terminated the pregnancy. In my case, the answer was negative, and I was able to go through the rest of my pregnancy feeling more at ease."
— Liza, age 45
3. What matters most to you?
Your personal feelings are just as important as the medical facts. Think about what matters most to you in this decision, and show how you feel about the following statements.
Reasons to have amniocentesis
Reasons not to have amniocentesis
I'm worried that something might be wrong with my baby.
I'm not worried that something might be wrong with my baby.
I want to know if my baby has a birth defect so I have time to prepare to care for a child with special needs.
Knowing that my baby has a birth defect won't change the way I plan to care for my child.
I want to know if my baby has a birth defect so I have time to decide if I want to continue my pregnancy.
Knowing that my baby has a birth defect won't change my plans to carry my baby to term.
I'm not afraid of the needle that is used to do the test.
I don't like needles.
I'm not worried about how much the test costs.
I don't have insurance, and I can't afford to pay for the test myself.
My other important reasons:
My other important reasons:
4. Where are you leaning now?
Now that you've thought about the facts and your feelings, you may have a general idea of where you stand on this decision. Show which way you are leaning right now.
Having amniocentesis
NOT having amniocentesis
5. What else do you need to make your decision?
Check the facts
1. Can an amniocentesis test guarantee that your baby will be born healthy?
- Yes
- No
- I'm not sure
2. Does amniocentesis have some risks?
- Yes
- No
- I'm not sure
3. Should all pregnant women have amniocentesis?
- Yes
- No
- I'm not sure
Decide what's next
1. Do you understand the options available to you?
2. Are you clear about which benefits and side effects matter most to you?
3. Do you have enough support and advice from others to make a choice?
Certainty
1. How sure do you feel right now about your decision?
2. Check what you need to do before you make this decision.
- I'm ready to take action.
- I want to discuss the options with others.
- I want to learn more about my options.
| By | Ignite Healthwise, LLC Staff |
|---|---|
| Clinical Review Board | Clinical Review Board All Ignite Healthwise, LLC education is reviewed by a team that includes physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare professionals. |
- Akolekar R, et al. (2015). Procedure-related risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 45(1): 16–26. DOI: 10.1002/uog.14636. Accessed April 5, 2017.
- Cunningham FG, et al. (2010). Prenatal diagnosis and fetal therapy. In Williams Obstetrics, 23rd ed., pp. 287–311. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
Note: The "printer friendly" document will not contain all the information available in the online document some Information (e.g. cross-references to other topics, definitions or medical illustrations) is only available in the online version.
Current as of: April 30, 2024
Author: Ignite Healthwise, LLC Staff
Clinical Review Board
All Ignite Healthwise, LLC education is reviewed by a team that includes physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare professionals.
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